Una Aproximación Epidemiológica sobre Patologías Orales desde la Perspectiva de la Radiología / An Epidemiological Approach to Oral Pathologies from a Radiology Perspective

RESUMEN: La cavidad de oral es susceptible de alteraciones de diversa índole, que presentan patrones epidemiológicos variables. La caries y la enfermedad periodontal se reconocen como las de mayor prevalencia, pero sobre otras anormalidades que afectan a las estructuras óseas y los dientes se tienen menos datos. El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar la prevalencia de hallazgos radiográficos sugestivos de patología en 10,000 imágenes panorámicas digitales de adultos, obtenidas en diferentes centros de radiología en Bogotá. Se recolectaron radiografías de pacientes mayores de 18 años, de bajo grado de distorsión, con estructuras completas, y adecuado contraste y densidad que permitieran la lectura de las variables a estudiar. La mayoría de las radiografías pertenecen a pacientes de género femenino, y su promedio de edad es de 39 años. El edentulismo parcial es el hallazgo de mayor prevalencia afectando a un 61 % del grupo, seguido de la presencia de tratamientos de endodoncia con un 45 % y en tercer lugar las inclusiones dentales 24,1 %. Otros hallazgos corroboran que las lesiones apicales son las lesiones quísticas de mayor prevalencia y un aumento en la rehabilitación con prótesis fija e implantes. Este estudio refleja los efectos de la caries y la enfermedad periodontal que afectan a la población estudiada y su principal consecuencia el edentulismo parcial que afecta a todos los grupos de edad examinados. La endodoncia, sugerente de patología pulpar, también es de alta prevalencia y en gran porcentaje asociada a lesiones apicales, pero en general el estudio sugiere la necesidad de programas de prevención para el adulto, para cumplir con las metas de la Organización Mundial de la Salud con miras a disminuir la perdida de dientes.

ABSTRACT: The oral cavity is susceptible to alterations of diverse nature that present variable epidemiological patterns. Caries and periodontal disease are recognized as having the highest prevalence, but thereare less data on other abnormalities that affect bone structures and teeth. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of radiographic findings suggestive of pathology in 10,000 digital panoramic images of adults, obtained at different radiology centers in Bogotá. Radiographs were collected from patients over 18 years of age, with a low degree of distortion, with complete structures, and adequate contrast and density to allow the reading of the variables to be studied. Most of the radiographs belong to female patients, and their average age is 39 years. Partial edentulism is the most prevalent finding affecting 61 % of the group, followed by the presence of endodontic treatments with 45 % and thirdly the dental inclusions 24.1 %. Other findings corroborate that the apical lesions are the cystic lesions with a higher prevalence and an increase in rehabilitation with fixed prostheses and implants. This study reflects the effects of caries and periodontal disease that affect the population studied and its main consequence is the partial edentulism that affects all age groups examined. Endodontics, suggestive of pulpal pathology, is also of high prevalence and a large percentage associated with apical lesions, but in general the study suggests the need for adult prevention programs to meet the goals of the World Health Organization with a view to reducing tooth loss.

Prevalencia de edentulismo parcial y total en islas butachauques y Tac, Quemchi, 2013 / Prevalence of partial and total edentulism in butachauquesand tac islands, Quemchi, (Chile) 2013

Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de edentulismo y clasificación topográ fica de Kennedy en población mayor de 20 años de islas Butachauques y Tac. Material y Método: Estudio observacional descriptivo. Se incluyeron sujetos mayores de 20 años en los servicios de salud de islas Butachauques y Tac durante los meses de agosto y septiembre de 2013. Se solicitó a cada sujeto de investigación la firma de un consentimiento informado. La información recopilada fue ingresada a una planilla de registro de datos diseñada para la investigación. Las variables utilizadas fueron género, edad, cantidad de dientes presentes, portador de prótesis y tipo de edentulismo según clasificación topográfica de Kennedy, para luego realizarse un análisis de estadística descriptiva mediante SPSS 18 (IBM® SPSS® software). Resultados: Fueron evaluados 88 sujetos, de los cuales un 39.7 por ciento hombres y un 60.3 por ciento mujeres. Un 89.7 por ciento de los sujetos presentó ausencia de al menos uno de sus dientes y del total de éstos, el 29.4 por ciento utilizaba prótesis dentales. La clasificación de Kennedy maxilar más prevalente fue Clase 3 y en la arcada Mandibular fueron similares resultados para Clase 1 y 3. Conclusión: Estos resultados demuestran la alta prevalencia de sujetos edéntulos en los distintos servicios de salud de las islas y la necesidad de realizar programas de promoción y prevención para minimizar el daño en la salud de las personas de estas localidades.

Aim: To determine the prevalence of edentulism and Kennedy topographic classification in the population aged over 20 years of the Butachauques and Tac islands, Quemchi, Chile. Materials and Methods: Descriptive study. We included subjects aged over 20 years at health services of the Butachauques and Tac islands during the months of August and September 2013. Subjects were asked to sign an informed consent form. The information collected was entered into a data entry form. The variables used were gender, age, number of teeth present, and type of prosthesis and edentulous type according to Kennedy's topographic classification. Descriptive statistics were determined using SPSS 18 (IBM® SPSS® software) statistical software. Results: 88 subjects, 39.7 percent men and 60.3 percent women, were evaluated. 89.7 percent of the subjects had absence of at least one of their teeth and 29.4 percent of these were using dentures. The most prevalent maxillary classification was Class 3, while the mandibular arch had similar results for class 1 and 3. Conclusion: These results demonstrate a high prevalence of edentulous subjects in the various health services of the islands, and the need for promotion and prevention programs to minimize damage to the health of people in these localities.

Oral health status of the elderly in Lahore district of Pakistan

Poor oral health among old aged people is an important public health issue and a growing burden to countries worldwide. In Pakistan, there is paucity of data available regarding the oral health status of the elderly. This study was aimed to describe oral health status of the elderly in Lahore district, by assessing the dental disease prevalence in the 60+ age group. The current study was conducted in Lahore district. The results of the study are based on 470 valid examination proformas. The mean age of the total sample was 66.71+6.39 falling in the range of 60-91 years. Extra and intra oral examination were carried out. All clinical findings were recorded on the standard World Health Organization [WHO] oral health assessment form. Prevalence of periodontal disease as observed by Community Periodontal Index [CPI] was almost 70% in the study population. Calculus, most frequent findings, was observed in 28% subjects, shallow pocketing in 23.25% whereas deep pocketing was reported in 18.75%. Mean Decayed Missing Filled [DMF] score for the sample was 16.3 with females scoring higher than males. Missing component constituted 86.5% of the DMF score. 80% of the subjects did not wear any prosthesis, while almost 11.85% wore either a bridge or a partial denture or both; and another 8.5% wore a complete denture. Temporomandibular joint [TMJ] symptoms were reported by 11.25% of the subjects whereas TMJ clicking was the most common sign observed in 38%. TMJ tenderness and reduced jaw mobility was observed in 11.1% and 1.4% of the subjects respectively. Results of the current study clearly indicate poor oral health status of the elderly in the study population of Lahore. The level of unmet needs is very high hence; more attention needs to be given towards is improving and maintaining the oral health status of the elderly

Prevalence of permanent tooth loss among children and adults in a suburban area of Chennai.

Aim: To determine the prevalence of permanent tooth loss among children and adults in a suburban area of Chennai. Design: Cross sectional descriptive study. Study setting: The study was conducted in Tiruverkadu, a suburban area of Chennai. Materials and Methods: A house-to-house survey was done in Tiruverkadu. The study population consisted of 6, 12, 15 years children, 35-44 years, and 65-74 years adults. Type III dental examination was carried out. Cross tabulations and Chi-square statistics were computed. The level of significance was chosen as P<0.05. Results: Out of the total 679 subjects, 309 subjects had tooth loss. Females (47.9%) had greater tooth loss compared to males (42.9%). Tooth loss increased as age progressed. Subjects in the lower socio-economic status had greatest tooth loss. The mean tooth loss among the subjects was 2.7. Conclusion: This study indicates that tooth loss increases with age and differs for gender and socio-economic status. The prevalence of tooth loss among the subjects was found to be high in children as well as in adults. Therefore, dental professionals should utilize various measures available in preventive dentistry to minimize tooth loss.

Prevalência de edentulismo em descendentes de pomeranos / Prevalence of edentulism in descendents of pomeranians

Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência de indivíduos com arcadas edentadas e o uso de prótese total na população de Tijuco Preto, no Município de Domingos Martins, região de residência e economia basicamente rural, nas montanhas do estado do Espírito Santo, local onde predominam descendentes da colonização alemã (pomeranos). Métodos: Os dados foram obtidos a partir de um levantamento epidemiológico realizado em 2006 examinando 186 indivíduos escolhidos de maneira aleatória, 76 indivíduos do gênero masculino e 110 do gênero feminino. Neste estudo descritivo foi realizada uma entrevista seguida de exame clínico. Resultados: O edentulismo estava presente em 73,1% da população. O gênero feminino (10,8%) possuía a mais arcadas edentadas que o masculino. Quanto às arcadas edentadas, 136 eram na maxila e 56 na mandíbula. Quanto ao uso das próteses, apenas 8,3% dos indivíduos edentados não as utilizavam, sendo 14 na mandíbula e 2 na mandíbula e maxila. Os usuários de prótese usavam a mesma prótese por períodos de 10, 20 e 30 anos que correspondiam respectivamente a 48,5%, 29,1% e 10,4%. As próteses totais em uso foram confeccionadas em 97,01%, por profissionais ilegais, dessas 95,4% estavam insatisfatórias. Conclusão: A prevalência de edentulismo é muito alta, mesmo na população jovem. O edentulismo está associado ao gênero feminino e está mais presente na maxila do que na mandíbula. O uso de prótese total é mais frequente na arcada edentada superior que na inferior e o seu tempo de uso é de mais de 10 anos. A maioria dos usuários de prótese total desejava trocá-las e foram confeccionadas por dentistas práticos e não foi considerada satisfatória.

Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of edentulism and use of complete dentures in the population of Tijuco Preto, located in municipality of Domingos Martins, a region of rural houses and economy in the mountains of the estate of Espírito Santo, where descendants of Pomeranian Germans predominate. Methods: An epidemiological survey done in 2006 was used to collect data of 186 randomly selected individuals (76 males and 110 females). This descriptive study consisted of an interview followed by clinical examination. Results: Most of the population (73.12%) presented edentulism. Females had 10.17% more edentulous jaws than males. Edentulism was more common in the maxilla (136) than in the mandible (56). Only 8.3% of the sample did not wear prostheses, being 14 in the mandible and two in both jaws. From the entire sample, 48.14%, 29.1% and 10.4% had worn the same prostheses for 10, 20 and 30 years, respectively. Nearly all the dentures (97.01%) had been made by uncertified professionals and 95.38% were ill-fitting. Conclusion: The prevalence of edentulism is very high, even among the young. Edentulism is associated with the female gender and is more common in the upper jaw than in the lower jaw. The use of complete dentures is more common in the upper jaw than in the lower jaw and they are used for more than 10 years. Most of the denture wearers wished to replace them since most of the complete dentures had been made by uncertified professionals and were considered unsatisfactor.

Dental caries and tooth loss in adults in a Brazilian southeastern state

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to analyze dental caries experience of adults living in the southeastern state of São Paulo, Brazil, according to some socio-demographic conditions of this population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The sample consisted of 1,159 school teachers and workers (35 to 44 years old) from 29 cities of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. RESULTS: 92.3 percent were dentate and the DMFT index (number of decayed, missing and filled teeth) was 21.0 and the mean number of decayed teeth was 1.1, with no significant difference among adults from regions with and without fluoridation. Male subjects presented the highest mean values of "D" (decayed teeth) and "M" (missing teeth) components. The percentage of caries-free subjects was higher among white subjects, as well as the mean number of teeth present in the mouth. The mean values of the "F" component (filled teeth) [9.81] and present teeth [19.3] were higher for adults from fluoridated water regions. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the worse condition observed was the early tooth loss in all groups. In addition, people with worse socio-demographic conditions had worse oral health conditions. It is expected that oral health programs targeted to this population could be established with the goal of improving the oral health conditions of this population and hence the maintenance of the teeth for a longer period in function.